
Medical oncologist Martee Hensley, an expert in leiomyosarcoma and other uterine sarcomas.
Uterine sarcomas are quite rare, accounting for less than 4% of uterine cancers, which grow in the uterus. About 1,200 women in the United States each year are diagnosed with a type of uterine sarcoma, which includes leiomyosarcoma.
Memorial Sloan Kettering medical oncologist Martee Hensley specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of uterine sarcomas and other gynecologic cancers. We spoke with her recently about the importance of a proper diagnosis and about how treatments are improving the lives of women living with this disease.
How do leiomyosarcomas and other uterine sarcomas differ from other types of uterine cancer?
Uterine sarcomas arise in the muscle or connective tissues of the uterus, whereas the more common type of uterine cancer, called endometrial carcinoma, starts in the lining of the uterus. These two types of cancer have different systems of staging and different treatment approaches. Some high-grade uterine sarcomas can be much harder to treat than endometrial carcinomas and have lower survival rates, even when the disease is caught early.
There are several different types of uterine sarcomas, which vary in their behavior, prognosis, and treatment. The most common type is leiomyosarcoma. Other types include carcinosarcoma, adenosarcoma, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. In addition to being very different from endometrial carcinoma, these sarcoma types are very different from each other. Each has its own method of treatment. For example, some of these tumors may be hormone-sensitive whereas others are not.
Because these tumors can be difficult to diagnose correctly, and because their management strategies can be very complicated, it’s important that women who have them are treated at a center like MSK, which has extensive experience in diagnosing and treating them.
Back to topCould you explain more about why proper diagnosis is so important?
It’s vital to have pathologists who are experts in sarcoma review the pathology slides. At MSK we are fortunate to have those specialists. I work with them closely to understand the specific type of uterine sarcoma each of my patients has.
Our pathologists are experienced in recognizing the fine distinctions of every tumor. This gives us a better understanding of the potential behavior of each patient’s cancer, helps us estimate the risk that the tumor may come back after surgery, and helps us determine the optimal treatment strategy.
Back to topWhat are the symptoms of uterine sarcoma?
For all uterine cancers, not just sarcoma, symptoms may include abnormal bleeding or unusual discharge from the vagina between menstrual periods or after menopause. Other symptoms can include pain, an unusual feeling of fullness in the pelvic area, and frequent urination.
Back to topAre there any risk factors for leiomyosarcoma and other uterine sarcomas?
Uterine sarcomas are very rare diseases. Most women who develop these cancers do not have any identifiable risk factors for sarcoma. Women who are survivors of childhood cancers and who were treated with radiation are at increased risk for developing sarcomas as adults, including uterine sarcomas. But those women are a small minority of cases.
Most women who get this disease develop it in their early to mid-50s, but there is a broad range of ages at which they are diagnosed.
While leiomyosarcomas develop commonly in the muscle wall of the uterus, they can also develop in both men and women in other organs or tissues that have smooth muscle cells.
Back to topHow is uterine sarcoma treated?
The most common treatment is surgery, especially when the disease is diagnosed at an early stage and has not spread beyond the pelvis. At a minimum, women need a hysterectomy — removal of the uterus — but may require more extensive surgery depending on how far the cancer has spread.
Uterine sarcoma can metastasize to other parts of the body, most commonly to the lungs. For women who develop metastatic disease, we consider a number of different approaches. If a patient has an isolated metastasis, like a single tumor in the lung or the liver, we can often remove it with surgery or treat it with an interventional radiology approach, such as ablation. The decision about the best approach is very nuanced. For that reason it’s important to consult with a doctor who has experience treating metastatic sarcomas.
For patients whose disease is more widespread, there are a number of different effective chemotherapy regimens that are good at controlling the disease. When one stops working, we usually have other options that we can try. MSK sarcoma physicians are leaders in the development of new treatment approaches for uterine sarcoma and other sarcomas.
Back to topWhat are some of the challenges of treating leiomyosarcoma and uterine sarcomas?
It may be difficult to know whether a uterine mass is a sarcoma or not. There are no diagnostic imaging techniques that can reliably distinguish between a uterine sarcoma and a benign uterine growth such as a leiomyoma [fibroid] or a low-grade pathology such as STUMP [smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential]. For this reason, it’s a good idea for women with abnormal uterine findings to consult with a gynecologic oncologist for proper planning of their surgery.
Back to topWhy did you choose to work on uterine sarcomas at Memorial Sloan Kettering?
I feel privileged to care for women who are facing these rare and complex cancers. It is highly satisfying to help patients understand their disease each step of the way, and to help them make the best treatment choices. Doing this work at MSK means that I am fortunate to work with a deeply experienced team of sarcoma-dedicated specialists representing all aspects of care — pathologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, radiologists, and nurses. Our collective skills and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of these rare tumors give us the ability to choose the best treatment for each patient that fits the behavior of that patient’s specific sarcoma.
Back to topComments
Suzie Siegel
Jul 15, 2016 • 12:11 PM
Suzie, thank you for your comment. We sent your question to Dr. Hensley, who responded, “Carcinosarcomas are cancers that nearly always arise in the gynecologic organ (Mullerian) tract. They have a biphasic appearance with part of the tumor looking like endometrial carcinoma and part looking like sarcoma. The sarcoma portion can look like a number of different types of sarcoma, including sarcomas that would not be expected in the uterus, such as chondrosarcoma. Currently, we consider that carcinosarcomas differ enough from endometrial carcinoma in terms of disease behavior and prognosis that we strive to study them separately. They also differ from leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and thus are not generally included in LMS studies. Like gynecologic carcinomas and gynecologic sarcomas, carcinosarcomas are rare tumors that are best managed by physicians who are clinical experts in gynecologic malignancies.”
Lisa Fabino
Jul 29, 2016 • 2:22 PM
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Jul 29, 2016 • 3:07 PM
In reply to As a daughter, of a mother… by Lisa Fabino
Dear Lisa, there are a few hereditary cancer syndromes that are associated with an increased risk of leiomyosarcoma, but those are very rare. If you would like to learn more, please visit our clinical genetics page: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/risk-assessment-screening/hereditary-…. Thank you for reaching out to us.
Yehuda
Aug 1, 2016 • 9:49 AM
Yehuda, thank you for reaching out. We are unable to make specific medical recommendations, but there is currently one clinical trial for leiomyosarcoma at Memorial Sloan Kettering:
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/clinical-trials/15-133
If you would like to make an appointment with a Memorial Sloan Kettering physician, please call our Physician Referral Service at
800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment
Thanks for your comment.
Christine Kaitz
Sep 18, 2016 • 10:47 PM
So little time so much to do. How does one get accepted into a clinical trial? Because time is of the essence and it is flying...I am curious what criteria is needed for acceptance. Will the first consultation with the physician and all clinical reports available provide an answer? Thank you for all you do.
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Sep 19, 2016 • 2:33 PM
In reply to So little time so much to do… by Christine Kaitz
Dear Christine, every clinical trial has a particular protocol and its own unique set of eligibility requirements. If you are interested in browsing through our open clinical trials, please visit https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/clinical-trials where you can search for specific studies using keywords or by disease of interest. You can also learn more about how to decide if a clinical trials is right for you and other helpful information there as well.
If you are interested in a joining a particular study, have questions about any of our trials, or would like to make an appointment with one of our specialists to discuss your treatment options, please call our Physician Referral Service at 800-525-2225. Thank you for reaching out to us.
Patrick Reindel
Oct 22, 2016 • 12:26 PM
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Oct 26, 2016 • 12:06 PM
In reply to I HAVE leoiomyosarcoma tumor… by Patrick Reindel
Hi Patrick, if you would like to arrange for a consultation at MSK, and learn about the possibility of participating in a clinical trial here, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment.
Sharon Anderson
Nov 26, 2016 • 7:01 PM
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Nov 27, 2016 • 7:11 PM
In reply to Should all uterine sarcoma… by Sharon Anderson
Hi Sharon, we are not able to provide medical advice on our blog. If you’d like to discuss this with one of our uterine sarcoma experts, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment.
Veronica
Dec 19, 2016 • 3:19 PM
My sister in law was diagnosed in January 2016 with LMS, she is also an insulin dependent diabetic. She underwent Chemotherapy and went into remission. She was clear in PET scan in September and CT scan in December revealed a tumor again and small tumors on the fatty tissue around her intestines and her belly filling with fluid. They have basically told her to look at her quality of life rather than quantity. It is sad to think that this is it. Basically go home and die. I just wish we had found Memorial Sloan sooner, maybe we could have consulted before now, when we feel helpless and with no hope.
Dear Veronica, we are sorry to hear about your sister-in-law’s diagnoses.
Coping with advanced cancer is difficult for both patients and caregivers. You and your sister-in-law may find some of this information in this article helpful:
Living and Coping with Advanced Cancer
https://www.mskcc.org/blog/living-and-coping-advanced
Our online community for patients and caregivers is also a good resource to connect with and get support from others who are having similar experiences. To learn more and sign up, please visit https://www.mskcc.org/experience/patient-support/counseling/groups/conn…
Thank you for sharing your thoughts and experience on our blog.
Preeti
Jan 22, 2017 • 1:10 AM
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Jan 23, 2017 • 10:12 AM
In reply to Hi i am preeti from India. I… by Preeti
Dear Preeti, we are sorry to hear about your diagnosis. If you would like to make arrangements to have one of our specialists conduct a medical records review for you by mail, or make an in-person appointment to consult with one of our physicians about possible next steps in your care, please contact our International Center at [email protected]. To learn more about the services we offer for patients who live outside of the United States, please visit https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/international-patients. Thank you for reaching out to us.
Laura
Jan 27, 2017 • 10:33 PM
Hello,
To clarify: if one has had abdominal and transvaginal ultrasounds that show multiple leiomyomas (intramural, submucosal, and subserosal) and thus the endometrium could not be reliably measured, then there is no way to tell if there is some kind of cancer present? Should I see a general gyn next, or go directly to gyn oncology? Not sure it matters, but I am a former patient at MSK and had a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyca, tall cell variant, in 2010. I've been doing well until just recently when I noticed very slight spotting 10 yrs post menopause. I just don't want to waste an oncologist's time if I should have a gyn do initial tests. Thank you!
Laura Pertot
Jan 29, 2017 • 11:17 PM
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Jan 30, 2017 • 6:30 PM
In reply to Thank you for taking the… by Laura Pertot
Lorri
Jun 4, 2017 • 7:49 PM
I am now cancer free fpr almost 8 years. I was diagnoside with LMS in 11/2010. I had surgery to remove my uterus cervix and ovaries. I had a lesion in my Gluteal Meduis muslce which was removed after chemo- Gmzar/Taxiter and Doxy. I have nodules in my lungs stable for all ths time. I had a low grade that they even had a hard time verifying was LMS. I still have yearly cat scans I have mine tomorrow. I always get nervous But I feel so lucky. Is this normal? Thanks and GOD BLESS all the cancer patients and wonderful doctors, scientist etc... for all you do!!!
Lisa Lye
Jul 13, 2017 • 7:57 AM
My mom was diagnose with leiomyosarcoma stage IIB in the pelvis. It was actually a tumor that developed on a residual ovary - she had a hysterectomy and removal of tumor along with some of the abdominal tissue. How long should she wait before treatment? She is also still having a lot of nausea, stomach pain and pain in her abdomen and back at 4 1/2 weeks post surgery - is this normal?
Dear Lisa, we’re very sorry to hear your mom is going through this. We recommend that you discuss your concerns and questions with her healthcare team. If she would like to come to MSK for treatment or a second opinion, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you and your family.
Jason
Aug 6, 2017 • 11:53 PM
Dear Jason, we’re very sorry to hear about your mother’s diagnosis. MSK has a number of trials for different types of sarcoma. If your mother would like to make an appointment to learn more, she can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you.
Maggie Wilson
Aug 14, 2017 • 4:04 PM
I was diagnosed with uterine leiomyosarcoma at age 39. I underwent surgery and chemotherapy at the time. Today I am 67 years old with no recurrences since then. Is there a research study that could use my background and treatment regimens to help discover more about this disease? I would like to add something to the medical data and research as a result of my experience if it would be helpful. Thank you.
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Aug 14, 2017 • 5:17 PM
In reply to I was diagnosed with uterine… by Maggie Wilson
Dear Maggie, we’re so glad to hear you’re doing well. Unfortunately at the time you had your surgery, tumor specimens were not preserved in a way that would make it easy to obtain any genetic information from them today, even if they were still available — which they may not be. But we thank you for sharing your story! Best wishes to you.
Eduardo
Aug 17, 2017 • 2:11 PM
Dear Eduardo, olaratumab is now FDA approved for treating sarcoma, in combination with doxorubicin, so patients don’t need to be part of a trial to get it. If your mother didn’t already receive her maximum dose of doxorubicin, she may be able to get this combination. If she can no longer get doxorubicin, she may be able to participate in a trial using olaratumab in combination with other drugs. Your mother may quality for other trials as well. If she would like to learn more, the number to call to schedule a consultation is 800-525-2225. You can go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you and your family.
(Editor’s note: On April 25, 2019, Eli Lilly, the company that makes olaratumab (Lartruvo®), announced that it was withdrawing the drug from the market. This move came after results from a phase III clinical trial found the drug did not improve survival for people with soft tissue sarcoma. The company said it was establishing a program that would allow people who have benefited from the drug to continue to have access to it.)
Stephanie Royal
Sep 7, 2017 • 6:14 PM
3 weeks ago yesterday I had an LAVH related to years of dealing with heavy periods, severe cramping and a development of a fibroid. My biopsy results revealed I have Uterine Leiomyosarcoma- stage 1B.
The pathology shows it was positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors. My CT scan shows no metastatic disease at this time. I was wondering if its possible to have a phone consultation with a specialist. My oncologist has given me a few options at this point and I am confused about what is best practice. I am 39 y.o. and still have my ovaries. My options range from simple observation (scan every 3 months) to oophorectomy and/or chemo. My oncologist says it really is up to what I want to do and if the benefits out weigh the risk?
How do you recommend your patients make such decisions?
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Sep 8, 2017 • 4:51 PM
In reply to 3 weeks ago yesterday I had… by Stephanie Royal
Dear Stephanie, we’re sorry to hear about your diagnosis. We offer medical records reviews to patients who go through our International Center. If you are based in the United States, you would need to meet with one of our doctors in person to get a second opinion from us. If you would like to arrange one, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you.
Bill Bennett
Sep 30, 2017 • 3:21 PM
When a uterine mass is detected in an imaging study, many ordinary gynecologists commonly presume that the suspect mass is a benign growth such as a "fibroid" tumor. Most of the time they are correct, but occasionally they are wrong. What should a woman do if she is diagnosed with a uterine growth from an imaging study and her gynecologist recommends surgical treatment based on the presumed diagnosis that the mass is almost definitely benign? Is it time to seek a second opinion from a cancer specialist before proceeding with any surgical treatment? What could be the consequences of proceeding with the recommended surgical treatment from a non-cancer specialist, and then discovering after surgery that the presumed benign diagnosis was completely wrong? Sadly, this scenario happens much too often -- especially with uterine sarcomas. What can be done to make it happen less often?
Dear Bill, in this type of situation, it may be best to consult with a surgical oncologist. Experts at National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers would be a good place to start. You can find a list at https://www.cancer.gov/research/nci-role/cancer-centers. Thank you for your comment.
Janis Richards
Oct 2, 2017 • 11:06 PM
Today was told I have three leiomyosarcoma Tunis in uterus. I'm 63. I also have nodules in my abdominal sac. Doc wants to do surgery and try to get everything out.. I am unable to eat cause tumor pressing on intestines.. love to send CT and audio to get second opinion... plus I would love to get in touch with some of people on this. Hope to hear
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Oct 3, 2017 • 9:42 AM
In reply to Today was told I have three… by Janis richards
Dear Janis, we’re sorry to hear about your diagnosis. If you would like to come to MSK in New York for a second opinion, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment.
If you are interested in getting in touch with other patients who have been through this diagnosis, you may want to join Connections, our online support group for cancer patients and their families. You can learn more at https://www.mskcc.org/experience/patient-support/counseling/groups/conn…
Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you.
Dulce
Oct 12, 2017 • 11:59 PM
Querida Dulce, sentimos mucho el diagnóstico que te han dado.
El hospital Memorial Sloan Kettering tiene un equipo de expertos multidiciplinarios disponible para ofrecer varios tratamientos para cáncer del útero, incluso sirugía, radiación, quemoterapia, terapia hormonal, y terapias investigacionales. Visite esta página para más información sobre este tipo de cáncer y sus tratamientos: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/uterine-sarcoma/treatment.
No podemos recomendar un tratamiento especifico a traves de nuestro blog. Sería mejor consultar con uno de nuestros especialistas. Para hacer una cita con uno de nuestros médicos, llame a nuestro Servicio de Referencia Médico al 800-225-2225.
Gracias por su comentario.
Jalal Rashed
Oct 24, 2017 • 2:51 AM
my 35 years old wife felt a swelling on her right abdomen area. upon CT we were told its a dismoid tumer and must be removed. we did the surgery and the doctor says that the tumor is completely removed. the initial pathology report says its spindle cell tumor. the second report says its benign. upon discussions the pathologist says could lead to LMS. I am confused. can I send the report to your organization for a second opinion.
thanks
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Oct 24, 2017 • 9:57 AM
In reply to my 35 years old wife felt a… by Jalal Rashed
Dear Jalal, we’re sorry to hear your wife is going through this. To learn more about obtaining a pathology consultation, you can go to https://www.mskcc.org/referring-physicians/pathology-consultations Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to both of you.
Stevie
Nov 7, 2017 • 5:58 AM
Hello. My wife was diagnosed with uterine leiomyosarcoma in March 2015 following a full hysterectomy. For a while she was all clear and we hoped it may be a STUMP but it returned in her kidney, which was removed in March this year. She also has a very small 7mm tumour in her lung but there is also now a metastasis in her spine for which she insisted on radiotherapy, as the specialist hospital we attend were not going to offer any treatment? To date this is the only 'treatment', other than surgery, my wife has received or been offered. My wife is a nurse and therefore very pro active in trying to look ahead and look after herself and spot any ongoing health issues. And she reads all your information and advice. I believe we may need a 2nd opinion on her current state of health and whether treatment should be offered asap. I would really appreciate your thoughts on this and also any hope you can offer regards treatments available or on-going research. Thank you for your time and all you do in researching uterine leiomyosarcoma
Dear Stevie, we’re very sorry to hear about your wife’s diagnosis and recurrence. If your wife would like to come to MSK for a second opinion, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information on making an appointment.
Based on your email address, it looks like you may not be in the US. If that is the case, you can contact our International Center about arranging for a review of her medical records. You can email [email protected] or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/international-patients/… for more information. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to both of you.
RP
Jun 22, 2018 • 8:46 PM
I have been diagnosed with Leiomyosarcoma. and have gone through Doxorubicin and Olaratumab (4 cycles), and the tumor has not changed much Your website says that surgery was the best option, so I met with one of your surgeons. I did not take well to the chemo. The surgeon feels I need more chemo. I am just wondering why the surgery cannot be done to remove the tumor, and the chemo to get rid of any other remaining cancer. Just wondering!!!
Kathleen
Jun 25, 2018 • 7:23 AM
Hi. I had a series of imaging test in Feb - Mar 2018 that revealed 2 bowel intussusuceptions and a 10mm x 11mm mass on liver. Pathology report stated mass was hemangioma. Determination due to my age, 65, no need for removal of same. Was waiting for insurance approval on small bowel study. Emergency surgery mid May to examine small bowel. To surprise of all 5cm x 5cm tumor plus suspicious growth with necrosis that may have been lymph node. Surgeon very skilled, removed with wide margins, 12 lymph nodes, and did not open to examine. Did thorough visual examine of entire small bowel. Diagnosis LMS, that would typically present in uterus. Went to sarcoma center, mass on liver is now 49mm x 40mm. Radiologist report stated metastasis, needle biopsy of liver required for confirmation. For biopsy, is it essential to do at sarcoma center? Suggested chemotherapy of Doxorubicin and Dacarbazine. If needle biopsy determines LMS in liver and therefore metastasis, plan suggested chemo first, surgery later. Do I need to physically come MSK for a second opinion? I am considering a trial, but I have only found Level I trials. Do you know of an appropriate TRIAL II or TRIAl III? Thank you in advance, for your consideration of my request for information and insight.
Dear Kathleen, we’re sorry to hear about your diagnosis. If you would like to get a second opinion from an expert at MSK, you would need to come to New York to meet with one of our doctors in person. The exception would be if you live outside the United States. In that case, you could arrange for a records review through our International Center.
You can go here for more information on making an appointment: https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment
You can go here to learn about a records review through the International Center: https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/international-patients/…
If you are in the US but not able to travel to New York, you may want to consult with an expert at a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center that is closer to where you live. You can find a list here: https://www.cancer.gov/research/nci-role/cancer-centers
Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you.
Susan Whitney
Aug 15, 2018 • 10:10 AM
Hi,
In October 2016 I had a pelvic and trans vag ultrasound because I had a suspected hemorragic cyst found in July 2016. The cyst had resolved and was not present on the US, there were no fibroids and uterus measurements normal at 6.4 x 3.3 x 3.7cm. I had only 2 more periods until my last one in January 2017. Fast forward to August 2018. I am having right lower and upper abdominal pain. Duration of the right lower 6-8 weeks....I had another pelvic and trans vag US on 8/9/18. It showed on small rt ovarian cyst, 2 small fibroids and my uterus measured 8.4 x 4.3 x 6.1 cm. I have no bleeding only clear mucus discharge. I am very concerned that this is something more serious than fibroids...because how can they grow without estrogen?? Am I right to be concerned that this is something more serious? I am being referred to the local Gyn Oncology dept for further review.
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Aug 16, 2018 • 10:59 AM
In reply to Hi, In October 2016 I had a… by Susan Whitney
Dear Susan, we’re sorry to hear you’ve been through all this. If you’re interested in arranging a consultation with an expert at MSK, you can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information. Thank you for your comment, and best wishes to you.
Muni
Feb 1, 2019 • 10:35 PM
Dear Muni, if you are based in the United States and would like to get a consultation from MSK, you need to come here in person. You can call 800-525-2225 or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/appointment for more information.
However, we do offer records reviews for international patients. To learn more about this you can email [email protected] or go to https://www.mskcc.org/experience/become-patient/international-patients/…
Thank you for your comment and best wishes to you.
This is an excellent overview from a renowned specialist. But I'm curious about the inclusion of carcinosarcoma. I thought that was no longer considered a "true" sarcoma.